Linux系统磁盘管理

linux系统中的磁盘管理 一.本地存储设备的识别

fdisk  -l              ##真实存在的设备（不一定是系统识别的）
cat /proc/partitions   ##系统识别的设备
blkid                  ##系统可以使用的设备
df                     ##系统正在挂在的设备

二.设备的挂载和卸载

1.设备名称

/dev/xdx ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dex/sda /devsda1

/dev/sr0 ##光驱

/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备（用软件模拟出来的）

2.设备的挂载

mount   设备                  挂载点
mount   /dev/sdb1              /mnt       ##挂载sdb1到mnt
umount  /mnt | /dev/sdb1       /mnt       ##卸载
mount -o  ro  /dev/sdb1        /mnt       ##只读挂在
mount                                     ##查看挂载信息
mount -o  remount,rw     /mnt | /dev/sdb1 ##重新读写挂载

3.解决设备正忙问题

[root@foundation14 kiosk]# umount /mnt

umount: /mnt: target is busy.

(In some cases useful info about processes that use

the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))

解决方法1：

lsof /mnt

[root@foundation14 kiosk]# lsof /mnt

lsof: WARNING: can’t stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs

Output information may be incomplete.

COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME

bash 6504 root cwd DIR 8,17 16384 1 /mnt

kill -9 6504

umount /mnt

解决方法2：

fuser -vm /mnt ##查看

fuser -kvm /mnt ##查看并结束

[root@foundation14 kiosk]# fuser -kvm /mnt

USER PID ACCESS COMMAND

/mnt: root kernel mount /mnt

root 4742 …c… bash

root 6504 …c… bash

3.磁盘分区

（1）fdisk -l

（2）fdisk /dev/vdb

m

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition ##删除

g create a new empty GPT partition table

G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition ##新建

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table ##显示分区信息

q quit without saving changes ##退出

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition’s system id ##修改分区id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit ##保存

x extra functionality (experts only)

##建立主分区

Command (m for help): n ##新建

Partition type:

p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

e extended

Select (default p): p ##主分区

Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##用户id默认

First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##分区起始

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +500M ##分区大小

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p ##显示信息

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux

##当系统已经有三个主分区时

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

e extended

Select (default e):

Using default response e

Selected partition 4

First sector (3074048-20971519, default 3074048):

Using default value 3074048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3074048-20971519, default 20971519):

Using default value 20971519

Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 8.5 GiB is set

##把所有剩余空间都给扩展分区

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended

四.给设备安装文件系统

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1

mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt

vim /etc/fstab

设备 挂载点 文件系统 挂载参数 是否备份 是否检测

/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0

mount -a

五.swap分区管理 1.swap分区建立

1.划分分区并设定分区标签为82

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 5

First sector (3076096-20971519, default 3076096):

Using default value 3076096

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3076096-20971519, default 20971519): +500M

Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended

/dev/vdb5 3076096 4100095 512000 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-5, default 5): 5

Hex code (type L to list all codes): L

…

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended

/dev/vdb5 3076096 4100095 512000 82 Linux swap / Solaris

2.手动重新检测分区

partprobe

3.格式化

mkswap /dev/vdb6

[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb5

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 511996 KiB

no label, UUID=33ba8e90-4b6d-4007-96c6-36cdde144f8e

4.挂载

swapon -a /dev/vdb6

5.查看是否挂载成功

swapon -s

2.swap分区的删除

swapoff /dev/fstab

swapon -s

六.配额

1.分区，格式化

2.建立挂载目录

mkdir /public

3.挂载

mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb6 /public

4.配额

edquota -u student

5.设为开机自动挂载

vim /etc/fstab

6.测试

dd if=/dev/zero of=/public/studentfile bs=1M count=500

六.磁盘加密

cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb7

YES

cryptsetup open /dev/vdb7 westos

mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos

mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt

touch file{1…10}

umount /mnt

cryptsetup close westos

cryptsetup open /dev/vdb7 linux

mount /dev/mapper/linux /mnt

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